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American novelist

Harper Lee
Portrait from the first edition of To Kill a Mockingbird (1960) (photo by Truman Capote)

Portrait from the first edition of To Kill a Mockingbird (1960) (photo by Truman Capote)
Born Nelle Harper Lee
(1926-04-28)April 28, 1926
Monroeville, Alabama, U.Southward.
Died Feb 19, 2016(2016-02-nineteen) (aged 89)
Monroeville, Alabama, U.S.
Occupation Novelist
Education Academy of Alabama
Menstruum 1960–2016
Genre
  • Literature
  • fiction
Literary motion Southern Gothic
Notable works
  • To Kill a Mockingbird
Signature
Harper Lee signature.svg

Nelle Harper Lee (April 28, 1926 – Feb 19, 2016) was an American novelist best known for her 1960 novel To Kill a Mockingbird. It won the 1961 Pulitzer Prize and has become a classic of modern American literature. Lee has received numerous accolades and honorary degrees, including the Presidential Medal of Liberty in 2007 which was awarded for her contribution to literature.[1] [2] [three] She assisted her close friend Truman Capote in his research for the book In Cold Blood (1966).[4] Capote was the footing for the character Dill Harris in To Impale a Mockingbird.[five]

The plot and characters of To Impale a Mockingbird are loosely based on Lee's observations of her family unit and neighbors, as well every bit an event that occurred near her hometown in 1936 when she was ten. The novel deals with the irrationality of developed attitudes towards race and class in the Deep South of the 1930s, every bit depicted through the eyes of two children. It was inspired by racist attitudes in her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama. Go Set a Watchman, written in the mid 1950s, was published in July 2015 as a sequel to Mockingbird only was later confirmed to be an before draft of Mockingbird.[6] [7] [8]

Early life

Nelle Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926, in Monroeville, Alabama,[9] the youngest of 4 children of Frances Cunningham (née Finch) and Amasa Coleman Lee.[10] Her parents chose her middle proper noun, Harper, to honor pediatrician Dr. William Westward. Harper, of Selma, who had saved the life of her sister Louise.[11] Her first name, Nelle, was her grandmother's name spelled backwards and the name she used,[12] whereas Harper Lee was primarily her pen name.[12] Lee's mother was a homemaker; her father was a former newspaper editor, businessman, and lawyer, who also served in the Alabama Land Legislature from 1926 to 1938. Through her father, she was related to Confederate General Robert E. Lee and a member of the prominent Lee family.[13] [14] Earlier A.C. Lee became a title lawyer, he once defended 2 blackness men accused of murdering a white storekeeper. Both clients, a male parent and son, were hanged.[15]

Lee'due south 3 siblings were Alice Finch Lee (1911–2014),[16] Louise Lee Conner (1916–2009), and Edwin Lee (1920–1951).[17] Although Nelle remained in contact with her significantly older sisters throughout their lives, but her brother was shut enough in age to play with, though she bonded with Truman Capote (1924–1984), who visited family in Monroeville during the summers from 1928 until 1934.[18]

While enrolled at Monroe Canton High School, Lee adult an interest in English literature, in part through her teacher Gladys Watson, who became her mentor. After graduating loftier school in 1944,[ten] similar her eldest sister Alice Finch Lee, Nelle attended the then all-female Huntingdon College in Montgomery for a year, then transferred to the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa, where she studied law for several years. Nelle also wrote for the academy paper (The Carmine White) and a humour mag (Rammer Jammer), but to her father's bang-up disappointment, she left i semester brusk of completing the credit hours for a degree.[19] [20] [21] In the summer of 1948, Lee attended a summertime school programme, "European Civilisation in the Twentieth Century", at Oxford Academy in England, financed past her begetter, who hoped—in vain, as it turned out—that the experience would brand her more interested in her legal studies in Tuscaloosa.[22]

To Kill a Mockingbird

I never expected any sort of success with Mockingbird. I was hoping for a quick and merciful expiry at the easily of the reviewers, but at the same time I sort of hoped someone would similar it enough to give me encouragement. Public encouragement. I hoped for a little, as I said, but I got rather a whole lot, and in some means this was just virtually as frightening as the quick, merciful death I'd expected.

—Harper Lee, quoted in Newquist, 1964[23]

In 1949, Lee moved to New York City and took jobs — first at a bookstore, then as an airline reservation agent — while writing in her spare fourth dimension.[24] Afterwards publishing several long stories, Lee institute an agent in November 1956; Maurice Crain would go a friend until his death decades later. The following month, at Michael Dark-brown'due south E 50th Street townhouse, friends gave Lee a gift of a yr'southward wages with a note: "Y'all accept one year off from your job to write any you please. Merry Christmas."[25]

Origin

The first edition cover for To Kill a Mockingbird

In the bound of 1957, a 31-year-old Lee delivered the manuscript for Get Set a Watchman to Crain to send out to publishers, including the at present-defunct J. B. Lippincott Company, which eventually bought information technology.[26] At Lippincott, the novel fell into the hands of Therese von Hohoff Torrey—known professionally as Tay Hohoff. Hohoff was impressed. "[T]he spark of the truthful writer flashed in every line", she would later on recount in a corporate history of Lippincott.[26] Simply as Hohoff saw it, the manuscript was by no ways fit for publication. It was, as she described it, "more a series of anecdotes than a fully conceived novel".[26] During the adjacent couple of years, she led Lee from one draft to the next until the book finally achieved its finished course and was retitled To Impale a Mockingbird.[26]

Like many unpublished authors, Lee was unsure of her talents. "I was a first-time writer, and then I did as I was told," Lee said in a argument in 2015 well-nigh the evolution from Watchman to Mockingbird.[26] Hohoff later described the procedure in Lippincott's corporate history: "After a couple of fake starts, the story-line, interplay of characters, and autumn of emphasis grew clearer, and with each revision—there were many pocket-sized changes equally the story grew in strength and in her own vision of it—the true stature of the novel became axiomatic." (In 1978, Lippincott was acquired by Harper & Row, which became HarperCollins which published Watchman in 2015.)[26] Hohoff described the give and accept between author and editor: "When she disagreed with a proposition, we talked it out, sometimes for hours" ... "And sometimes she came around to my way of thinking, sometimes I to hers, sometimes the discussion would open up up an entirely new line of state."[26]

External video
video icon After Words interview with Shields on Mockingbird: A Portrait of Harper Lee, July 11, 2015, C-Span

One winter night, every bit Charles J. Shields recounts in Mockingbird: A Portrait of Harper Lee, Lee threw her manuscript out her window and into the snow, before calling Hohoff in tears. Shields recollected that "Tay told her to march outside immediately and pick up the pages".[26]

When the novel was finally ready, the writer opted to use the name "Harper Lee" rather than risk having her first proper noun Nelle be misidentified as "Nellie".[27]

Published July 11, 1960, To Kill a Mockingbird was an immediate bestseller and won great critical acclaim, including the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1961. Information technology remains a bestseller, with more than 40 one thousand thousand copies in print. In 1999, it was voted "Best Novel of the Century" in a poll by the Library Journal.[28]

Autobiographical details in the novel

Like Lee, the tomboy Spotter in the novel is the daughter of a respected small-scale-town Alabama attorney. Spotter's friend, Dill, was inspired by Lee's babyhood friend and neighbour, Truman Capote;[xv] Lee, in turn, is the model for a grapheme in Capote's start novel, Other Voices, Other Rooms, published in 1948. Although the plot of Lee's novel involves an unsuccessful legal defense similar to one undertaken by her attorney father, the 1931 landmark Scottsboro Boys interracial rape case may also have helped to shape Lee's social conscience.[29]

While Lee herself downplayed autobiographical parallels in the volume, Truman Capote, mentioning the character Boo Radley in To Kill a Mockingbird, described details he considered autobiographical: "In my original version of Other Voices, Other Rooms I had that same human being living in the firm that used to leave things in the trees, and then I took that out. He was a existent man, and he lived just down the road from us. We used to get and go those things out of the trees. Everything she wrote nearly it is absolutely truthful. But you see, I take the same matter and transfer it into some Gothic dream, washed in an entirely different style."[30]

After To Kill a Mockingbird

Middle years

For 40 years, Lee lived function-time at 433 East 82nd Street in Manhattan, about her childhood friend Capote.[31] His first novel, the semi-autobiographical Other Voices, Other Rooms, had been published in 1948; a decade later Capote published Breakfast at Tiffany's, which became a flick, a musical, and ii phase plays. As the To Kill a Mockingbird manuscript went into publication product in 1959, Lee accompanied Capote to Holcomb, Kansas, to help him research what they idea would be an article on a minor town'due south response to the murder of a farmer and his family. Capote would expand the material into his best-selling book, In Cold Blood, serialized beginning in September 1965 and published in 1966.[32]

To Kill a Mockingbird officially appeared in public on July xi, 1960, and Lee began a whirlwind of publicity tours, etc., which she plant difficult given her penchant for privacy and many interviewers' characterization of the work as a "coming-of-historic period story".[33] [34] As the book (well-nigh racial relations in the 1930s) progressed through the production process, racial tensions in the South had increased. The Montgomery autobus boycott occurred in 1955–56, and students at N Carolina A&T Academy staged the offset sit-in months before publication. Every bit the book became a best seller, Freedom Riders arrived in Alabama and were browbeaten in Anniston and Birmingham. Meanwhile, To Impale a Mockingbird won the 1961 Pulitzer prize for fiction and the 1961 Alliance Accolade from the National Briefing of Christians and Jews and became a Reader's Digest Book Club condensed choice and an alternate Book of the Month Club pick.[35]

Lee helped with the adaption of the book to the 1962 Academy Accolade–winning screenplay by Horton Foote, and said: "I think it is i of the best translations of a book to film e'er fabricated."[36] Peck won an Oscar for his portrayal of Atticus Finch, the father of the novel'southward narrator, Watch. The families became close; Peck's grandson, Harper Peck Voll, is named after her.[37]

From the time of the publication of To Kill a Mockingbird until her death in 2016, Lee granted near no requests for interviews or public appearances and, with the exception of a few short essays, published nothing further until 2015. She did work on a follow-upwards novel—The Long Bye—only somewhen filed it away unfinished.

Lee assumed pregnant intendance responsibilities for her male parent, who was thrilled with her success, and even began signing autographs as "Atticus Finch".[33] However, his health worsened and he died in Alabama on April 15, 1962. Lee decided to spend more than time in New York City as she mourned. Over the decades, her friend Capote had adopted a decadent lifestyle, which contrasted with Lee'south preference for a tranquility, more anonymous beingness. Lee preferred to visit friends at their homes (though she came to distance herself from those who criticized her drinking),[33] and too fabricated unannounced appearances at libraries or other gatherings, particularly in Monroeville.[39]

In January 1966, President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Lee to the National Council on the Arts.[twoscore]

Lee also realized that her book had go controversial, particularly with segregationists and other opponents of the civil rights motility. In 1966, Lee wrote a alphabetic character to the editor in response to the attempts of a Richmond, Virginia, surface area schoolhouse board to ban To Kill a Mockingbird as "immoral literature":

Surely information technology is plain to the simplest intelligence that To Impale a Mockingbird spells out in words of seldom more than ii syllables a lawmaking of honour and bear, Christian in its ethic, that is the heritage of all Southerners. To hear that the novel is 'immoral' has made me count the years between now and 1984, for I take yet to run into a better instance of doublethink.[15]

James J. Kilpatrick, editor of The Richmond News Leader, started the Beadle Bumble fund to pay fines for victims of what he termed "despots on the bench". He built the fund using contributions from readers and later used information technology to defend books as well as people. Later on the board in Richmond ordered schools to dispose of all copies of To Kill a Mockingbird, Kilpatrick wrote, "A more moral novel scarcely could be imagined." In the name of the Beadle Bumble fund, he and then offered free copies to children who wrote in, and by the end of the commencement week, he had given abroad 81 copies.[41]

Kickoff in 1978, with her sisters' encouragement, Lee returned to Alabama and began a volume nigh an Alabama serial murderer and the trial of his killer in Alexander City, under the working title The Reverend, only also put information technology aside when she was not satisfied.[42] When Lee attended the 1983 Alabama History and Heritage Festival in Eufaula, Alabama, as her sister had bundled, she presented the essay "Romance and High Adventure".[43]

2005–2014

In March 2005, Lee arrived in Philadelphia—her first trip to the urban center since signing with publisher Lippincott in 1960—to receive the inaugural ATTY Award for positive depictions of attorneys in the arts from the Spector Gadon & Rosen Foundation.[44] At the urging of Peck's widow, Veronique Peck, Lee traveled past train from Monroeville to Los Angeles in 2005 to take the Los Angeles Public Library Literary Accolade.[45] She also attended luncheons for students who accept written essays based on her work, held annually at the University of Alabama.[36] [46] On May 21, 2006, she accepted an honorary degree from the University of Notre Dame, where graduating seniors saluted her with copies of To Kill a Mockingbird during the ceremony.[47]

On May 7, 2006, Lee wrote a letter to Oprah Winfrey (published in O, The Oprah Magazine in July 2006) most her love of books as a child and her dedication to the written give-and-take: "At present, 75 years later on in an abundant gild where people take laptops, cell phones, iPods and minds like empty rooms, I still plod along with books."[48]

While attending an August 20, 2007, ceremony inducting four members into the Alabama Academy of Honor, Lee declined an invitation to accost the audience, saying: "Well, it's better to exist silent than to exist a fool."[49] [fifty]

Lee being awarded the Presidential Medal of Liberty, November v, 2007

On November v, 2007, George W. Bush presented Lee with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. This is the highest civilian honour in the United states of america and recognizes individuals who take fabricated "an particularly meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of the U.s., globe peace, cultural or other meaning public or individual endeavors".[51] [52]

In 2010, President Barack Obama awarded Lee the National Medal of Arts, the highest honor given by the U.s.a. government for "outstanding contributions to the excellence, growth, support and availability of the arts".[53]

In a 2011 interview with an Australian newspaper, Rev. Dr. Thomas Lane Butts said Lee was living in an assisted-living facility, was using a wheelchair, partially blind and deafened, and suffering from memory loss. Butts as well shared that Lee told him why she never wrote again: "Two reasons: one, I wouldn't go through the pressure and publicity I went through with To Impale a Mockingbird for any amount of coin. Second, I have said what I wanted to say, and I volition non say it again."[54]

On May 3, 2013, Lee filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court to regain the copyright to To Kill a Mockingbird, seeking unspecified damages from a son-in-police force of her former literary agent and related entities. Lee claimed that the man "engaged in a scheme to dupe" her into assigning him the copyright on the book in 2007 when her hearing and eyesight were in turn down, and she was residing in an assisted-living facility afterwards having suffered a stroke.[55] [56] [57] In September 2013, attorneys for both sides announced a settlement of the lawsuit.[58]

In February 2014, Lee settled a lawsuit against the Monroe County Heritage Museum for an undisclosed amount. The suit alleged that the museum had used her proper name and the title To Kill a Mockingbird to promote itself and to sell souvenirs without her consent.[59] [60] Lee'southward attorneys had filed a trademark application on August 19, 2013, to which the museum filed an opposition. This prompted Lee's attorney to file a lawsuit on October fifteen that aforementioned year, "which takes result the museum's website and gift shop, which it accuses of 'palming off its goods', including T-shirts, coffee mugs other various trinkets with Mockingbird brands."[61]

2015: Become Set a Watchman

According to Lee'south lawyer Tonja Carter, post-obit an initial meeting to appraise Lee's assets in 2011, she re-examined Lee's rubber-deposit box in 2014 and constitute the manuscript for Go Set a Watchman. After contacting Lee and reading the manuscript, she passed it on to Lee's agent Andrew Nurnberg.[62] [63]

On February 3, 2015, it was announced that HarperCollins would publish Go Set a Watchman,[64] which includes versions of many of the characters in To Kill a Mockingbird. According to a HarperCollins press release, it was originally thought that the Watchman manuscript was lost.[65] According to Nurnberg, Mockingbird was originally intended to be the outset volume of a trilogy: "They discussed publishing Mockingbird first, Watchman concluding, and a shorter connecting novel between the two."[66]

Jonathan Mahler's account in The New York Times of how Watchman was but ever actually considered to exist the first draft of Mockingbird makes this exclamation seem unlikely.[26] Bear witness where the same passages exist in both books, in many cases word for word, also farther refutes this assertion.[67]

The book was met with controversy[6] when it was published in July 2015 as a sequel to To Kill a Mockingbird. Although it had been confirmed equally a outset draft of the latter with many narrative incongruities, it was repackaged and released as a completely divide work.[half dozen] The book is prepare some twenty years after the time period depicted in Mockingbird, when Scout returns equally an adult from New York to visit her father in Maycomb, Alabama.[68] It alludes to Scout'southward view of her male parent, Atticus Finch, as the moral compass ("watchman") of Maycomb,[69] and, according to the publisher, how she finds upon her return to Maycomb, that she "is forced to grapple with bug both personal and political as she tries to understand her father'south attitude toward society and her own feelings about the place where she was built-in and spent her babyhood."[70]

Not all reviewers had a harsh stance about the publication of the sequel book. Michiko Kakutani in her Books of The Times review found that the book "makes for disturbing reading" when Scout finds her begetter is a racist. While non fully praising the book, Kakutani found the publication of "Watchman" an of import stepping stone in understanding Lee'south work.[71]

The publication of the novel (announced by Lee's lawyer) raised concerns over why Lee, who for 55 years had maintained that she would never write some other book, would suddenly choose to publish once again. In Feb 2015, the Land of Alabama, through its Human Resource Section, launched an investigation into whether Lee was competent enough to consent to the publishing of Go Gear up a Watchman.[12] The investigation found that the claims of compulsion and elder abuse were unfounded,[72] and, according to Lee's lawyer, Lee was "happy as hell" with the publication.[73]

External video
video icon Discussion with Marja Mills on The Mockingbird Next Door, July 23, 2014, C-SPAN

This characterization, however, was contested by many of Lee's friends.[6] [74] [75] Marja Mills, writer of The Mockingbird Side by side Door: Life with Harper Lee, a friend and sometime neighbour, painted a very different picture.[76] In her piece for The Washington Post, "The Harper Lee I Knew",[74] she quoted Alice—Lee's sis, whom she described as "gatekeeper, advisor, protector" for nigh of Lee's adult life—as proverb, "Poor Nelle Harper can't see and can't hear and volition sign anything put before her past anyone in whom she has conviction." She fabricated note that Watchman was appear just two and a one-half months after Alice's death[77] and that all correspondence to and from Lee went through her new attorney. She described Lee every bit "in a wheelchair in an assisted living center, nearly deaf and bullheaded, with a uniformed guard posted at the door" and her visitors "restricted to those on an canonical list."[74]

The New York Times columnist Joe Nocera continued this argument.[6] He also took upshot with how the book had been promoted by the "Murdoch Empire" as a newly discovered novel and that the manuscript had been brought to light past Tonja B. Carter, who worked in Alice Lee'due south law office and became Lee'south "new protector"-- lawyer, trustee, and spokesperson[78] -- later her sister Alice's death.[79] Nocera noted that other people in a 2011 Sotheby'southward coming together[80] insisted that Lee's attorney was present in 2011, when Lee's sometime agent (who was afterwards fired) and the Sotheby's specialist constitute the manuscript. They said she knew full well that it was the same one submitted to Tay Hohoff in the 1950s that was reworked into Mockingbird, and that Carter had been sitting on the discovery, waiting for the moment when she, and not Alice, would be in charge of Harper Lee's diplomacy.[6]

The authorship of both "To Kill a Mockingbird" and "Go Set a Watchman" was investigated with the aid of forensic linguistics and stylometry. In a written report conducted by 3 Polish academics, Michał Choiński, Maciej Edera and Jan Rybicki, the authorial fingerprints of Lee, Hohoff and Capote were contrasted to testify that "To Kill a Mockingbird" and "Go Fix a Watchman" were both written past the same person.[81] However, their report also suggests that Capote could have helped Lee with the writing of the opening chapters of "To Kill a Mockingbird".[82]

Death

Lee died in her sleep on the morning of February 19, 2016, aged 89.[83] [84] Prior to her decease, she lived in Monroeville, Alabama.[85] On February 20, her funeral was held at First United Methodist Church in Monroeville.[86] The service was attended past shut family and friends, and the eulogy was given past Wayne Flynt.[87]

After her expiry, The New York Times filed a lawsuit that argued that since Lee's volition was filed in a probate court in Alabama that it should be part of the public record. They argued that wills filed in a probate courtroom are considered office of the public record, and that Lee's should be made public. An Alabama court unsealed the will in 2018.[88]

Fictional portrayals

Harper Lee was portrayed past Catherine Keener in the film Capote (2005), by Sandra Bullock in the film Infamous (2006), and by Tracey Hoyt in the TV motion picture Scandalous Me: The Jacqueline Susann Story (1998).[89] In the adaptation of Truman Capote'due south novel Other Voices, Other Rooms (1995), the character of Idabel Thompkins, who was inspired past Capote's memories of Lee every bit a child, was played by Aubrey Dollar.[xc]

Works

Books

  • To Impale a Mockingbird (1960)
  • Get Set a Watchman (2015)

Articles

  • "Dear—In Other Words". Vogue. April 15, 1961. pp. 64–65.
  • "Christmas to Me". McCall's. Dec 1961.
  • "When Children Discover America". McCall's. August 1965.
  • "Romance and High Adventure". 1983. A newspaper presented in Eufaula, Alabama, and collected in the album Clearings in the Thicket (1985).
  • "Open alphabetic character to Oprah Winfrey". O, The Oprah Mag. July 2006.

Run into also

  • Alabama literature
  • Casey Cep

References

  1. ^ "President Bush Honors Medal of Freedom Recipients" (Press release). The White House. November 5, 2007.
  2. ^ Chappell, Neb (Feb 19, 2016). "Harper Lee, Author Of 'To Kill A Mockingbird,' Dies At Historic period 89". NPR.org . Retrieved June 18, 2021.
  3. ^ "Notre Matriarch issues statement about passing of Harper Lee, shares video". ABC57 . Retrieved June 18, 2021.
  4. ^ Harris, Paul (May 4, 2013). "Harper Lee sues agent over copyright to To Impale A Mockingbird". The Guardian.
  5. ^ Langer, Emily (February 19, 2016). "Harper Lee, elusive author of 'To Kill a Mockingbird,' is expressionless at 89". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved February xix, 2016.
  6. ^ a b c d east f Nocera, Joe (July 24, 2015). "The Harper Lee 'Go Set A Watchman' Fraud". The New York Times . Retrieved Dec fifteen, 2015.
  7. ^ Oldenburg, Ann (February iii, 2015). "New Harper Lee novel on the manner!". USA Today . Retrieved February 3, 2015.
  8. ^ Modify, Alexandra (Feb iii, 2015). "Harper Lee, Writer of 'To Kill a Mockingbird,' Is to Publish a Second Novel". The New York Times . Retrieved February three, 2015.
  9. ^ Grimes, William (Feb xix, 2016). "Harper Lee, Author of 'To Kill a Mockingbird,' Dies at 89". The New York Times . Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  10. ^ a b Anderson, Nancy G. (March xix, 2007). "Nelle Harper Lee". The Encyclopedia of Alabama. Auburn University at Montgomery. Retrieved November 3, 2010.
  11. ^ Mills, Marja (2014). The Mockingbird Next Door: Life with Harper Lee. Penguin. p. 181. ISBN9780698163836.
  12. ^ a b c Kovaleski, Serge (March 11, 2015). "Harper Lee'southward Condition Debated past Friends, Fans and Now State of Alabama". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
  13. ^ "Harper Lee Before 'To Kill a Mockingbird'".
  14. ^ "Who is Harper Lee?". USA Today.
  15. ^ a b c Shields, Charles J. (2006). Mockingbird: A Portrait of Harper Lee . Henry Holt and Co. ISBN9780805083194 . Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  16. ^ Woo, Elaine (November 22, 2014). "Lawyer Alice Lee dies at 103; sister of 'To Impale a Mockingbird' author". Los Angeles Times.
  17. ^ "Louise Fifty. Conner Obituary". The Gainesville Sun.
  18. ^ Nancy Grisham Anderson, "Harper Lee: 'To Kill a Mockingbird' and 'A Proficient Woman'south Words,'" p. 334 et seq. in Susan Ashmore, Dorr Youngblood and Lisa Lindquist, Alabama Women: Their Lives and University of Alabama Press 2017
  19. ^ The Corolla. Vol. 55. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama. 1947. p. 54.
  20. ^ Anderson pp. 335–336
  21. ^ Cep, Casey (2019). Furious Hours: Murder, Fraud, and the Last Trial of Harper Lee. Knopf. ISBN9781101947869. page cites unavailable in audiobook version
  22. ^ "Harper Lee's Oxford Summertime," Section of Continuing Instruction, Oxford Academy: unsigned commodity is as well undated, but written afterward publication of Go Set a Watchman; accessed December 12, 2016.
  23. ^ Newquist, Roy, ed. (1964). Counterpoint. Chicago: Rand McNally. ISBN1-111-80499-0.
  24. ^ Anderson p. 336
  25. ^ Lee, Harper (December 12, 2015). "Harper Lee: my Christmas in New York" – via www.theguardian.com.
  26. ^ a b c d e f thousand h i Mahler, Jonathan (July 12, 2015). "The Invisible Hand Behind Harper Lee'south 'To Kill A Mockingbird'". The New York Times . Retrieved December 15, 2015.
  27. ^ Maslin, Janet (June 8, 2006). "A Biography of Harper Lee, Author of 'To Impale a Mockingbird'". The New York Times . Retrieved November 30, 2014.
  28. ^ "1960, To Kill a Mockingbird". PBS. Retrieved Nov thirty, 2014.
  29. ^ Johnson, Claudia Durst (1994). To Kill a Mockingbird: Threatening Boundaries. Twayne.
  30. ^ Nance, William (1970). The Worlds of Truman Capote. New York: Stein & Day. p. 223.
  31. ^ Oleksinski, Johnny. Discover out if New York'south greatest writers lived next door. The New York Post April xiv, 2017, https://nypost.com/2017/04/xiv/find-out-if-new-yorks-greatest-writers-lived-side by side-door/ Accessed Apr 14, 2017
  32. ^ McAvoy, Gary (September 24, 2019). "The Origins of In Cold Blood, a Classic Tale of an Iconic American Crime". Medium . Retrieved February 19, 2021. Serialized in four consecutive bug of The New Yorker mag start September 25, 1965, "In Cold Claret" was a huge sensation, selling out all copies published. By January 1966, the disquisitional reviews were and then strong that the initial print run of some 240,000 hardcover copies flew off the shelves.
  33. ^ a b c Cep p.
  34. ^ Anderson pp. 337–338
  35. ^ Anderson p. 341
  36. ^ a b Bellafante, Ginia (January 30, 2006). "Harper Lee, Gregarious for a Day". The New York Times . Retrieved Baronial three, 2008.
  37. ^ Lacher, Irene (May 21, 2005). "Harper Lee raises her low contour for a friend". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 3, 2017.
  38. ^ Anderson p. 242
  39. ^ "26 to Be Advisory Lath for National Endowment". The New York Times. January 28, 1966. Retrieved November 30, 2014. In a parallel evolution to- day, the President appointed Harper Lee, author of the Pulitzer Prize-winning "To Impale a Mockingbird." and Richard Diebenkorn, artist, to the National Council on the Arts.
  40. ^ "Newspapers: Spoofing the Despots". Fourth dimension. January 21, 1966. Archived from the original on October 28, 2010. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
  41. ^ Kemp, Kathy (November ten, 2010). "In search of Harper Lee". AL.com.
  42. ^ Monroe County Heritage Museums (1999). Monroeville: The Search for Harper Lee'due south Maycomb. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. p. 21. ISBN978-0-7385-0204-v . Retrieved June fifteen, 2015.
  43. ^ Reynolds, Jennifer (Feb xi, 2015). "Meeting 'Mockingbird' author Harper Lee". Delaware County Daily Times. Archived from the original on March 9, 2015. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  44. ^ Nelson, Valerie J. (Baronial xix, 2012). "Veronique Peck dies at 80; Gregory Peck's widow was L.A. philanthropist". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 2, 2012.
  45. ^ Lacher, Irene (May 21, 2005). "Harper Lee raises her low contour for a friend". Los Angeles Times.
  46. ^ "Start 2006". Notre Dame Mag . Retrieved November 30, 2014.
  47. ^ "Harper Lee Writes Rare Detail for O Magazine". The Washington Mail. Associated Press. June 26, 2006.
  48. ^ Paraphrase of a well-known American maxim: "Better to remain silent and be thought a fool, than to speak and remove all doubt." The origin of the saying is uncertain; see Quote Investigator, 17 May 2010.
  49. ^ "Author has her say". The Boston Globe. August 21, 2007.
  50. ^ Martin, Virginia (Nov 5, 2007). "Harper Lee given Presidential Medal of Freedom". The Birmingham News.
  51. ^ "Writer Lee receives top U.s. award". BBC News. November 6, 2007.
  52. ^ "Harper Lee". National Endowment for the Arts. Retrieved Feb 4, 2015.
  53. ^ Toohey, Paul (July 31, 2011). "Miss Nelle in Monroeville". The Daily Telegraph. Sydney, NSW, Australia. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
  54. ^ Jeffrey, Don; Van Voris, Bob (May 3, 2013). "Harper Lee Sues Agent Over 'Mockingbird' Royalties". Bloomberg.
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  56. ^ "'To Kill a Mockingbird' author Lee sues her agent over copyright". Reuters. May 4, 2013.
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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harper Lee.

  • Harper Lee at the Internet Book List
  • Harper Lee at IMDb
  • Harper Lee collected news and commentary at The Guardian Edit this at Wikidata
  • Harper Lee at Find a Grave

How Does Scout View Atticus,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_Lee

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